Inguinal hernia is one of the most common general surgical conditions in the world, with an estimated 220 million cases and 20 million surgeries performed annually. Inguinal hernia occurs when tissue, like part of the intestine, pushes through a weak spot in the abdominal wall and into the groin area. Hernias can be congenital or emerge over time. The condition is eight to 10 times more common in men, who have a 27 percent lifetime chance of developing one. Other risk factors include older age, a family history, and a previous hernia.
While not necessarily dangerous initially, inguinal hernias will not improve by themselves and typically grow larger. They can affect one’s quality of life – as daily tasks such as bending, coughing, lifting, or exercising can exacerbate any pain. In parts of the world where access to surgical care for hernia is limited, they can become so large that they are disfiguring, preclude work, and limit even everyday activity. Sometimes, life-threatening complications such as a bowel obstruction can arise. Inguinal hernia repair with mesh is a safe, effective, and cost-effective surgery that can cure the condition, alleviate pain, and prevent complications.
The need for inguinal hernia repair is perhaps greatest in sub-Saharan Africa. According to research published in the World Journal of Surgery, an estimated 1 million inguinal hernias will await repair in Ghana by 2022. Unfortunately, a shortage of available surgeons persists in that area of the world, limiting access to hernia repair.
New research published June 26 in JAMA Surgery and co-led by Temple’s Jessica H. Beard, MD, MPH, examines one approach to tackling the situation: training medical doctors to perform inguinal hernia surgery. The research team found no statistically significant differences in hernia recurrence, post-surgery complications, patient satisfaction, or severe chronic pain when the procedure was performed by a medical doctor compared to when it was performed by a surgeon. This method, called surgical “task-sharing,” has been applied in previous studies which showed that non-surgeons can perform cesarean sections and laparotomy with results similar to those of specialists.
“Sharing these tasks saves lives and produces not only excellent outcomes but also helps further develop the skills of doctors who live in the community,” said Dr. Beard, Assistant Professor of Surgery in the Division of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care at the Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University as well as co-first author and corresponding author on the study titled, “Outcomes after Inguinal Hernia Repair with Mesh Performed by Medical Doctors and Surgeons in Ghana.”
“Surgical task-sharing is a way to safely strengthen and grow the healthcare workforce in Ghana. Without treatment, patients with inguinal hernia may be forced to live with severe side effects or disability from the condition – or even face death,” Dr. Beard added.
The prospective cohort study ran from February 2017 to September 2018 at the Volta Regional Hospital in Ho, Ghana, where 242 adult male patients with primary reducible inguinal hernia were operated on – 119 by medical doctors and 123 by surgeons. Dr. Beard and three general surgeons from Ghana trained three medical doctors and two general surgeons in tension-free mesh repair. Medical doctors had completed medical school followed by a two-year general internship. They had no formal training in surgery and learned inguinal hernia repair first through observation and then through supervision.
After one year, hernias had recurred in only four patients – one (0.9%) who was treated by a medical doctor and three (2.8%) who were treated by a surgeon. The overall hernia recurrence rate of 1.8% compares favorably with recurrence rates in high-income countries. Importantly, there was no statistically significant difference in recurrence rates following surgery by medical doctors when compared to surgeons.
At two weeks post-surgery, the authors found no differences between medical doctors compared to surgeons in terms of complications (29.1% vs. 24.2%). One year later, there also were no statistically significant differences between medical doctors and surgeons with regard to patient satisfaction (98.3% vs. 99.1%) or severe chronic pain (0.9% vs. 3.7%).
“As we strive to achieve health care equity and access for all, this research demonstrates one way to address the currently unmet need for essential surgical services without sacrificing safety or quality in care and delivery,” Dr. Beard said.
Other researchers involved in the study include Michael Ohene-Yeboah (co-first author) and Joachim K.A. Amoako in the Department of Surgery at the School of Medicine and Dentistry at the University of Ghana in Accra, Ghana; Stephen Tabiri and Francis A. Abantanga in the Department of Surgery at the School of Medicine and Health Sciences at the University for Development Studies in Tamale, Ghana; Carrie A. Sims in the Department of Surgery, Division of Traumatology, Surgical Critical Care and Emergency Surgery at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania; Pӓr Nordin, in the Department of Surgery and Perioperative Sciences at Umeå University in Sweden; Andreas Wladis in the Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine at Linköping University in Sweden; Hobart W. Harris in the Department of Surgery at the University of California-San Francisco; and Jenny Löfgren in the Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery at the Karolinska Institutet in Stockholm, Sweden.